Operators are used to perform operations on values and variables. Operators can manipulate individual items and returns a result. The data items are referred as operands or arguments. Operators are either represented by keywords or special characters. For example, for identity operators we use keyword "is" and "is not".
In this tutorial, we going to learn various operators
Arithmetic Operators perform various arithmetic calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, %modulus, exponent, etc. There are various methods for arithmetic calculation in Python like you can use the eval function, declare variable & calculate, or call functions.
Example: For arithmetic operators we will take simple example of addition where we will add two-digit 4+5=9
x= 4 y= 5 print(x + y)
Similarly, you can use other arithmetic operators like for multiplication(*), division (/), substraction (-), etc.
These operators compare the values on either side of the operand and determine the relation between them. It is also referred as relational operators. Various comparison operators are ( ==, != , <>, >,<=, etc)
Example: For comparison operators we will compare the value of x to the value of y and print the result in true or false. Here in example, our value of x = 4 which is smaller than y = 5, so when we print the value as x>y, it actually compares the value of x to y and since it is not correct, it returns false.
x = 4
y = 5
print(('x > y is',x>y))
Likewise, you can try other comparison operators (x < y, x==y, x!=y, etc.)
Python assignment operators are used for assigning the value of the right operand to the left operand. Various assignment operators used in Python are (+=, - = , *=, /= , etc.)
Example: Python assignment operators is simply to assign the value, for example
num1 = 4
num2 = 5
print(("Line 1 - Value of num1 : ", num1))
print(("Line 2 - Value of num2 : ", num2))
Example of compound assignment operator
We can also use a compound assignment operator, where you can add, subtract, multiply right operand to left and assign addition (or any other arithmetic function) to the left operand.
num1 = 4
num2 = 5
res = num1 + num2
res += num1
print(("Line 1 - Result of + is ", res))
Logical operators in Python are used for conditional statements are true or false. Logical operators in Python are AND, OR and NOT. For logical operators following condition are applied.
Example: Here in example we get true or false based on the value of a and b
a = True
b = False
print(('a and b is',a and b))
print(('a or b is',a or b))
print(('not a is',not a))
These operators test for membership in a sequence such as lists, strings or tuples. There are two membership operators that are used in Python. (in, not in). It gives the result based on the variable present in specified sequence or string
Example: For example here we check whether the value of x=4 and value of y=8 is available in list or not, by using in and not in operators.
x = 4
y = 8
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
if ( x in list ):
print("Line 1 - x is available in the given list")
else:
print("Line 1 - x is not available in the given list")
if ( y not in list ):
print("Line 2 - y is not available in the given list")
else:
print("Line 2 - y is available in the given list")
To compare the memory location of two objects, Identity Operators are used. The two identify operators used in Python are (is, is not).
Following operands are in decreasing order of precedence.
Operators in the same box evaluate left to right
| Operators (Decreasing order of precedence) | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ** | Exponent |
| *, /, //, % | Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Modulus |
| +, - | Addition, Subtraction |
| <= < > >= | Comparison operators |
| = %= /= //= -= += *= **= | Assignment Operators |
| is is not | Identity operators |
| in not in | Membership operators |
| not or and | Logical operators |
Example:
x = 20
y = 20
if ( x is y ):
print("x & y SAME identity")
y=30
if ( x is not y ):
print("x & y have DIFFERENT identity")
The operator precedence determines which operators need to be evaluated first. To avoid ambiguity in values, precedence operators are necessary. Just like in normal multiplication method, multiplication has a higher precedence than addition. For example in 3+ 4*5, the answer is 23, to change the order of precedence we use a parentheses (3+4)*5, now the answer is 35. Precedence operator used in Python are (unary + - ~, **, * / %, + - , &) etc.
v = 4
w = 5
x = 8
y = 2
z = 0
z = (v+w) * x / y;
print("Value of (v+w) * x/ y is ", z)
Above examples are Python 3 codes, if you want to use Python 2, please consider following codes
#Arithmetic Operators
x= 4
y= 5
print x + y
#Comparison Operators
x = 4
y = 5
print('x > y is',x>y)
#Assignment Operators
num1 = 4
num2 = 5
print ("Line 1 - Value of num1 : ", num1)
print ("Line 2 - Value of num2 : ", num2)
#compound assignment operator
num1 = 4
num2 = 5
res = num1 + num2
res += num1
print ("Line 1 - Result of + is ", res)
#Logical Operators
a = True
b = False
print('a and b is',a and b)
print('a or b is',a or b)
print('not a is',not a)
#Membership Operators
x = 4
y = 8
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
if ( x in list ):
print "Line 1 - x is available in the given list"
else:
print "Line 1 - x is not available in the given list"
if ( y not in list ):
print "Line 2 - y is not available in the given list"
else:
print "Line 2 - y is available in the given list"
#Identity Operators
x = 20
y = 20
if ( x is y ):
print "x & y SAME identity"
y=30
if ( x is not y ):
print "x & y have DIFFERENT identity"
#Operator precedence
v = 4
w = 5
x = 8
y = 2
z = 0
z = (v+w) * x / y;
print "Value of (v+w) * x/ y is ", z
Operators in a programming language are used to perform various operations on values and variables. In Python, you can use operators like