In this tutorial, we will install Webdriver (Java only) and Configure Eclipse

 

Step 1 - Install Java on your computer

Download and install the Java Software Development Kit (JDK) here.

Next –

This JDK version comes bundled with Java Runtime Environment (JRE), so you do not need to download and install the JRE separately.

Once installation is complete, open command prompt and type “java”. If you see the following screen you are good to move to the next step

Step 2 - Install Eclipse IDE

Download latest version of "Eclipse IDE for Java Developers" here. Be sure to choose correctly between Windows 32 Bit and 64 Bit versions.

You should be able to download an exe file named "eclipse-inst-win64" for Setup.

Double-click on file to Install the Eclipse. A new window will open. Click Eclipse IDE for Java Developers.

After that, a new window will open which click button marked 1 and change path to "C:\eclipse". Post that Click on Install button marked 2

After successful completion of the installation procedure, a window will appear. On that window click on Launch

This will start eclipse neon IDE for you.

Step 3 - Download the Selenium Java Client Driver

You can download the Selenium Java Client Driver here. You will find client drivers for other languages there, but only choose the one for Java.

This download comes as a ZIP file named "selenium-2.25.0.zip". For simplicity, extract the contents of this ZIP file on your C drive so that you would have the directory "C:\selenium-2.25.0\". This directory contains all the JAR files that we would later import on Eclipse.

Step 4 - Configure Eclipse IDE with WebDriver

1. Launch the "eclipse.exe" file inside the "eclipse" folder that we extracted in step 2. If you followed step 2 correctly, the executable should be located on C:\eclipse\eclipse.exe.
2. When asked to select for a workspace, just accept the default location.

   

3. Create a new project through File > New > Java Project. Name the project as "newproject".

A new pop-up window will open enter details as follow

1. Project Name
2. Location to save project
3. Select an execution JRE
4. Select layout project option
5. Click on Finish button

4. In this step,

1. Right-click on the newly created project and
2. Select New > Package, and name that package as "newpackage".

A pop-up window will open to name the package,

1. Enter the name of the package
2. Click on Finish button

5. Create a new Java class under newpackage by right-clicking on it and then selecting- New > Class, and then name it as "MyClass". Your Eclipse IDE should look like the image below.

When you click on Class, a pop-up window will open, enter details as

1. Name of the class
2. Click on Finish button

This is how it looks like after creating class.

Now selenium WebDriver's into Java Build Path

In this step,

1. Right-click on "newproject" and select Properties.
2. On the Properties dialog, click on "Java Build Path".
3. Click on the Libraries tab, and then
4. Click on "Add External JARs.."

When you click on "Add External JARs.." It will open a pop-up window. Select the JAR files you want to add.

After selecting jar files, click on OK button.

Select all files inside the lib folder.

Select files outside lib folder

Once done, click "Apply and Close" button

6. Add all the JAR files inside and outside the "libs" folder. Your Properties dialog should now look similar to the image below.

7. Finally, click OK and we are done importing Selenium libraries into our project.

Different Drivers

HTMLUnit and Firefox are two browsers that WebDriver can directly automate - meaning that no other separate component is needed to install or run while the test is being executed. For other browsers, a separate program is needed. That program is called as the Driver Server.

A driver server is different for each browser. For example, Internet Explorer has its own driver server which you cannot use on other browsers. Below is the list of driver servers and the corresponding browsers that use them.

You can download these drivers here

Browser	Name of Driver Server	Remarks
HTMLUnit	HtmlUnitDriver	WebDriver can drive HTMLUnit using HtmlUnitDriver as driver server
Firefox	Mozilla GeckoDriver	WebDriver can drive Firefox without the need of a driver server Starting Firefox 45 & above one needs to use gecko driver created by Mozilla for automation
Internet Explorer	Internet Explorer Driver Server	Available in 32 and 64-bit versions. Use the version that corresponds to the architecture of your IE
Chrome	ChromeDriver	Though its name is just "ChromeDriver", it is, in fact, a Driver Server, not just a driver. The current version can support versions higher than Chrome v.21
Opera	OperaDriver	Though its name is just "OperaDriver", it is, in fact, a Driver Server, not just a driver.
PhantomJS	GhostDriver	PhantomJS is another headless browser just like HTMLUnit.
Safari	SafariDriver	Though its name is just "SafariDriver", it is, in fact, a Driver Server, not just a driver.

Summary

Aside from a browser, you will need the following to start using WebDriver

• Java Development Kit (JDK). http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html
• Eclipse IDE - http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/
• Java Client Driver - http://seleniumhq.org/download/

When starting a WebDriver project in Eclipse, do not forget to import the Java Client Driver files onto your project. These files will constitute your Selenium Library.

With new version of Selenium, there is no browser that you can automate without the use of a Driver Server.

Using the Java class "myclass"  that we created in the previous tutorial, let us try to create a WebDriver script that would:

1. fetch Mercury Tours' homepage
2. verify its title
3. print out the result of the comparison
4. close it before ending the entire program.

WebDriver Code

Below is the actual WebDriver code for the logic presented by the scenario above

Note: Starting Firefox 35, you need to use gecko driver created by Mozilla to use Web Driver. Selenium 3.0, gecko and firefox has compatibility issues and setting them correctly could become an uphill task. If the code does not work, downgrade to Firefox version 47 or below. Alternatively, you can run your scripts on Chrome. Selenium works out of the box for Chrome. You just need to change 3 lines of code to make your script work with Chrome or Firefox

package newproject;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
//comment the above line and uncomment below line to use Chrome
//import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class PG1 {


    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // declaration and instantiation of objects/variables
    	System.setProperty("webdriver.firefox.marionette","C:\\geckodriver.exe");
		WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
		//comment the above 2 lines and uncomment below 2 lines to use Chrome
		//System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","G:\\chromedriver.exe");
		//WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
    	
        String baseUrl = "http://demo.guru99.com/test/newtours/";
        String expectedTitle = "Welcome: Mercury Tours";
        String actualTitle = "";

        // launch Fire fox and direct it to the Base URL
        driver.get(baseUrl);

        // get the actual value of the title
        actualTitle = driver.getTitle();

        /*
         * compare the actual title of the page with the expected one and print
         * the result as "Passed" or "Failed"
         */
        if (actualTitle.contentEquals(expectedTitle)){
            System.out.println("Test Passed!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Test Failed");
        }
       
        //close Fire fox
        driver.close();
       
    }

}

Explaining the code

Importing Packages

To get started, you need to import following two packages:

1. org.openqa.selenium.*- contains the WebDriver class needed to instantiate a new browser loaded with a specific driver
2. org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver - contains the FirefoxDriver class needed to instantiate a Firefox-specific driver onto the browser instantiated by the WebDriver class

If your test needs more complicated actions such as accessing another class, taking browser screenshots, or manipulating external files, definitely you will need to import more packages.

Instantiating objects and variables

Normally, this is how a driver object is instantiated.

A FirefoxDriver class with no parameters means that the default Firefox profile will be launched by our Java program. The default Firefox profile is similar to launching Firefox in safe mode (no extensions are loaded).

For convenience, we saved the Base URL and the expected title as variables.

Launching a Browser Session

WebDriver's get() method is used to launch a new browser session and directs it to the URL that you specify as its parameter.

Get the Actual Page Title

The WebDriver class has the getTitle() method that is always used to obtain the page title of the currently loaded page.

Compare the Expected and Actual Values

This portion of the code simply uses a basic Java if-else structure to compare the actual title with the expected one.

Terminating a Browser Session

The "close()" method is used to close the browser window.

Terminating the Entire Program

If you use this command without closing all browser windows first, your whole Java program will end while leaving the browser window open.

Running the Test

There are two ways to execute code in Eclipse IDE.

1. On Eclipse's menu bar, click Run > Run.
2. Press Ctrl+F11 to run the entire code.

 If you did everything correctly, Eclipse would output "Test Passed!"

Locating GUI Elements

Locating elements in WebDriver is done by using the "findElement(By.locator())" method. The "locator" part of the code is same as any of the locators previously discussed in the Selenium IDE chapters of these tutorials. Infact, it is recommended that you locate GUI elements using IDE and once successfully identified export the code to webdriver.

Here is a sample code that locates an element by its id. Facebook is used as the Base URL.

package newproject;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class PG2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	System.setProperty("webdriver.firefox.marionette","C:\\geckodriver.exe");
    	WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
        String baseUrl = "http://www.facebook.com";
        String tagName = "";
        
        driver.get(baseUrl);
        tagName = driver.findElement(By.id("email")).getTagName();
        System.out.println(tagName);
        driver.close();
        System.exit(0);
}
}

We used the getTagName() method to extract the tag name of that particular element whose id is "email". When run, this code should be able to correctly identify the tag name "input" and will print it out on Eclipse's Console window.

Summary for locating elements

Variation	Description	Sample
By.className	finds elements based on the value of the "class" attribute	findElement(By.className("someClassName"))
By.cssSelector	finds elements based on the driver's underlying CSS Selector engine	findElement(By.cssSelector("input#email"))
By.id	locates elements by the value of their "id" attribute	findElement(By.id("someId"))
By.linkText	finds a link element by the exact text it displays	findElement(By.linkText("REGISTRATION"))
By.name	locates elements by the value of the "name" attribute	findElement(By.name("someName"))
By.partialLinkText	locates elements that contain the given link text	findElement(By.partialLinkText("REG"))
By.tagName	locates elements by their tag name	findElement(By.tagName("div"))
By.xpath	locates elements via XPath	findElement(By.xpath("//html/body/div/table/tbody/tr/td[2]/table/ tbody/tr[4]/td/table/tbody/tr/td[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[3]/ form/table/tbody/tr[5]"))

Note on Using findElement(By.cssSelector())

By.cssSelector() does not support the "contains" feature. Consider the Selenium IDE code below -

In Selenium IDE above, the entire test passed. However in the WebDriver script below, the same test generated an error because WebDriver does not support the "contains" keyword when used in the By.cssSelector() method.

 

Instantiating Web Elements

Instead of using the long "driver.findElement(By.locator())" syntax every time you will access a particular element, we can instantiate a WebElement object for it. The WebElement class is contained in the "org.openqa.selenium.*" package.

Clicking on an Element

Clicking is perhaps the most common way of interacting with web elements. The click() method is used to simulate the clicking of any element.  The following example shows how click() was used to click on Mercury Tours'  "Sign-In" button.

Following things must be noted when using the click() method.

 

• It does not take any parameter/argument.
• The method automatically waits for a new page to load if applicable.
• The element to be clicked-on, must be visible (height and width must not be equal to zero).

 

Get Commands

 

Get commands fetch various important information about the page/element. Here are some important "get" commands you must be familiar with.

get() Sample usage:	It automatically opens a new browser window and fetches the page that you specify inside its parentheses. It is the counterpart of Selenium IDE's "open" command. The parameter must be a String object.
getTitle() Sample usage:	Needs no parameters Fetches the title of the current page Leading and trailing white spaces are trimmed Returns a null string if the page has no title
getPageSource() Sample usage:	Needs no parameters Returns the source code of the page as a String value
getCurrentUrl() Sample usage:	Needs no parameters Fetches the string representing the current URL that the browser is looking at
getText() Sample usage:	Fetches the inner text of the element that you specify

Navigate commands

These commands allow you to  refresh,go-into and switch back and forth between different web pages.

navigate().to() Sample usage:	It automatically opens a new browser window and fetches the page that you specify inside its parentheses. It does exactly the same thing as the get() method.
navigate().refresh() Sample usage:	Needs no parameters. It refreshes the current page.
navigate().back() Sample usage:	Needs no parameters Takes you back by one page on the browser's history.
navigate().forward() Sample usage:	Needs no parameters Takes you forward by one page on the browser's history.

Closing and Quitting Browser Windows

close() Sample usage:	Needs no parameters It closes only the browser window that WebDriver is currently controlling.
quit() Sample usage:	Needs no parameters It closes all windows that WebDriver has opened.

To clearly illustrate the difference between close() and quit(), try to execute the code below. It uses a webpage that automatically pops up a window upon page load and opens up another after exiting.

Notice that only the parent browser window was closed and not the two pop-up windows.

But if you use quit(), all windows will be closed - not just the parent one. Try running the code below and you will notice that the two pop-ups above will automatically be closed as well.

package newproject;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class PG3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	System.setProperty("webdriver.firefox.marionette","C:\\geckodriver.exe");
    	WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
        driver.get("http://www.popuptest.com/popuptest2.html");
        driver.quit();  // using QUIT all windows will close
    }
}

Switching Between Frames

To access GUI elements in a Frame, we should first direct WebDriver to focus on the frame or pop-up window first before we can access elements within them. Let us take, for example, the web page http://demo.guru99.com/selenium/deprecated.html

This page has 3 frames whose "name" attributes are indicated above. We wish to access the "Deprecated" link encircled above in yellow. In order to do that, we must first instruct WebDriver to switch to the "classFrame" frame using the "switchTo().frame()"method. We will use the name attribute of the frame as the parameter for the "frame()" part.

package newproject;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class PG4 {
	  public static void main(String[] args) {
		  	System.setProperty("webdriver.firefox.marionette","C:\\geckodriver.exe");  
		  	WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
	        driver.get("http://demo.guru99.com/selenium/deprecated.html");
	        driver.switchTo().frame("classFrame");
	        driver.findElement(By.linkText("Deprecated")).click();
	        driver.close(); 
	    }
}

After executing this code, you will see that the "classFrame" frame is taken to the "Deprecated API" page, meaning that our code was successfully able to access the "Deprecated" link.

Switching Between Pop-up Windows

WebDriver allows pop-up windows like alerts to be displayed, unlike in Selenium IDE. To access the elements within the alert (such as the message it contains), we must use the "switchTo().alert()" method. In the code below, we will use this method to access the alert box and then retrieve its message using the "getText()" method, and then automatically close the alert box using the "switchTo().alert().accept()" method.

First,  head over to http://jsbin.com/usidix/1 and manually click the "Go!" button there and see for yourself the message text.

Lets see the WebDriver code to do this-

package mypackage;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class myclass {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	System.setProperty("webdriver.firefox.marionette","C:\\geckodriver.exe");
        WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
        String alertMessage = "";

        driver.get("http://jsbin.com/usidix/1");
        driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[value=\"Go!\"]")).click();
        alertMessage = driver.switchTo().alert().getText();
        driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
       
        System.out.println(alertMessage);
        driver.quit();
       
    }
}

On the Eclipse console, notice that the printed alert message is:

Waits

There are two kinds of waits.

1. Implicit wait - used to set the default waiting time throughout the program
2. Explicit wait - used to set the waiting time for a particular instance only

Implicit Wait

• It is simpler to code than Explicit Waits.
• It is usually declared in the instantiation part of the code.
• You will only need one additional package to import.

To start using an implicit wait, you would have to import this package into your code.

Then on the instantiation part of your code, add this.

Explicit Wait

Explicit waits are done using the WebDriverWait and ExpectedCondition classes. For the following example, we shall wait up to 10 seconds for an element whose id is "username" to become visible before proceeding to the next command. Here are the steps.

Step 1

Import these two packages:

 

Step 2

Declare a WebDriverWait variable. In this example, we will use "myWaitVar" as the name of the variable.

Step 3

Use myWaitVar with ExpectedConditions on portions where you need the explicit wait to occur. In this case, we will use explicit wait on the "username" (Mercury Tours HomePage) input before we type the text "tutorial" onto it.

 

Following  methods are used  in conditional and looping operations --

• isEnabled() is used when you want to verify whether a certain element is enabled or not before executing a command.

• isDisplayed() is used when you want to verify whether a certain element is displayed or not before executing a command.

• isSelected() is used when you want to verify whether a certain check box, radio button, or option in a drop-down box is selected. It does not work on other elements.

Using ExpectedConditions

The ExpectedConditions class offers a wider set of conditions that you can use in conjunction with WebDriverWait's until() method.

Below are some of the most common ExpectedConditions methods.

• alertIsPresent() - waits until an alert box is displayed.

• elementToBeClickable() - Waits until an element is visible and, at the same time, enabled. The sample code below will wait until the element with id="username" to become visible and enabled first before assigning that element as a WebElement variable named "txtUserName".

• frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt() - Waits until the given frame is already available, and then automatically switches to it.

Catching Exceptions

When using isEnabled(), isDisplayed(), and isSelected(), WebDriver assumes that the element already exists on the page. Otherwise, it will throw a NoSuchElementException. To avoid this, we should use a try-catch block so that the program will not be interrupted.

WebElement txtbox_username = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
try{
        if(txtbox_username.isEnabled()){
            txtbox_username.sendKeys("tutorial");
        }
    }

catch(NoSuchElementException nsee){
            System.out.println(nsee.toString());
 }

If you use explicit waits, the type of exception that you should catch is the "TimeoutException".

• To start using the WebDriver API, you must import at least these two packages.
• org.openqa.selenium.*
• org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver
• The get() method is the equivalent of Selenium IDE's "open" command.
• Locating elements in WebDriver is done by using the findElement() method.
• The following are the available options for locating elements in WebDriver:
• By.className
• By.cssSelector
• By.id
• By.linkText
• By.name
• By.partialLinkText
• By.tagName
• By.xpath
• The By.cssSelector() does not support the "contains" feature.
• You can instantiate an element using the WebElement class.
• Clicking on an element is done by using the click() method.
• WebDriver provides these useful get commands:
• get()
• getTitle()
• getPageSource()
• getCurrentUrl()
• getText()
• WebDriver provides these useful navigation commands
• navigate().forward()
• navigate().back()
• navigate().to()
• navigate().refresh()
• The close() and quit() methods are used to close browser windows. Close() is used to close a single window; while quit() is used to close all windows associated to the parent window that the WebDriver object was controlling.
• The switchTo().frame() and switchTo().alert() methods are used to direct WebDriver's focus onto a frame or alert, respectively.
• Implicit waits are used to set the waiting time throughout the program, while explicit waits are used only on specific portions.
• You can use the isEnabled(), isDisplayed(),isSelected(), and a combination of WebDriverWait and ExpectedConditions methods when verifying the state of an element. However, they do not verify if the element exists.
• When isEnabled(), isDisplayed(),or isSelected() was called while the element was not existing, WebDriver will throw a NoSuchElementException.
• When WebDriverWait and ExpectedConditions methods were called while the element was not existing, WebDriver would throw a TimeoutException. 

Note:

driver.get() : It's used to go to the particular website , But it doesn't maintain the browser History and cookies so , we can't use forward and backward button , if we click on that , page will not get schedule

driver.navigate() : it's used to go to the particular website , but it maintains the browser history and cookies, so we can use forward and backward button to navigate between the pages during the coding of Testcase